Mid-Level Blends, Octane, and Fuel Properties

The Economic Impact of Permanently Allowing Year-Round Sales of E15

Renewable Fuels Association and National Corn Growers Association

September 2025

Redefining Renewable Fuels: Interim Report

Saha, R., Subhani, M., and Isom, L. (University of Nebraska-Lincoln)

July 2025

The Octane Value of Ethanol

Hoekstra Trading LLC

June 2025

The Impact of Introducing E15 in California

Kaplan, S. & Zilberman, D.

July 2024

Future Scenarios for E15 in the U.S.

Leone, T.G. (Southwest Research Institute)

June 2024

Future Scenarios for E85 in the U.S.

Leone, T.G. (Southwest Research Institute)

June 2024

The Best of Both Worlds: Environmental and Economic Benefits of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Flex Fuel Vehicle

Renewable Fuels Association

June 2024

Closing the GHG mitigation gap with measures targeting conventional gasoline light-duty vehicles: A scenario-based analysis of the U.S. fleet

Alzaghrini, N. et al.

January 2024

Comparison of Full Lifecycle GHG Emissions: Ford Escape FFV-PHEV Using Ethanol Blends vs. Battery Electric Vehicle

University of Illinois Chicago & Life Cycle Associates LLC

September 2023

Analyzing Future Low Carbon Fuel Targets in California: Accelerated Decarbonization in California's Transportation Fuels Sector

Sheehy, P. & Yan, F., ICF Resources, LLC

September 2023

Report Summarizing Criteria Pollutant Emissions Testing of 2022 Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid Electric Flex Fuel Vehicle (PHEFFV)

University of California, Riverside CE-CERT

April 2023

Consumer Savings from Year-Round Nationwide E15 Use

Urbanchuk, J., ABF Economics

October 2022

Comparison of Exhaust Emissions Between E10 CaRFG and Splash Blended E15

Karavalakis, G., Durbin, T. & Tang, T., UC Riverside

June 2022

Assessing Future Market Opportunities and Challenges for E15 and Higher Ethanol Blends

Xiarchos, I. M. et al., ICF & U.S. Dept. of Agriculture

May 2022

History of Ethanol Fuel Adoption in the United States: Policy, Economics, and Logistics

Johnson, C. et al. (DOE-NREL, DOE-ANL)

November 2021

Investigating the effect of E30 fuel on long term vehicle performance, adaptability and economic feasibility

Alsiyabi, A., Stroh, S., & Saha, S., Universit of Nebraska-Lincoln

July 2021

California Multimedia Evaluation of E11 - E15 Gasoline-Ethanol Blends: Tier I Report Submitted to the Multimedia Working Group

Renewable Fuels Association & Growth Energy

June 2020

Fuel Blending Guide for Ethanol

Future Fuel Strategies

June 2020

Cost Pass-Through to Higher Ethanol Blends at the Pump: Evidence from Minnesota Gas Station Data

Li, J. & Stock, J. (Publication available for purchase)

January 2019

Future Gasoline Octane Scenarios

David C. Tamm, Gary N. Devenish and Kevin P. Milburn

July 2018

Efficiency Merit Function for Spark Ignition Engines: Revisions and Improvements Based on FY16–17 Research

Miles, P., U.S. Department of Energy

January 2018

Fuel Blendstocks with the Potential to Optimize Future Gasoline Engine Performance: Identification of Five Chemical Families for Detailed Evaluation

Farrell, J., Holladay, J., and Wagner R., U.S. Department of Energy

January 2018

Water Update and Weathering of Ethanol-Gasoline Blends in Humid Environments (PDF)

Christensen, E.D, and McCormick, R.L., U.S. DOE-National Renewable Energy Laboratory

September 2016

Water Update and Weathering of Ethanol-Gasoline Blends in Humid Environments (Executive Summary)

Christensen, E.D, and McCormick, R.L., U.S. DOE-National Renewable Energy Laboratory

September 2016

The Draft Technical Assessment Report: Implications For High Octane, Mid-Level Ethanol Blends

Ricardo, Inc.

September 2016

Summary of High-Octane Mid-Level Ethanol Blends Study

Theiss, T., et al., U.S. DOE-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and Argonne National Laboratory

July 2016

E15 and Infrastructure

Moriarty, K., U.S. DOE-National Renewable Energy Laboratory, & Yanowitz, J., Ecoengineering, Inc.

May 2015

Assessment: Role of E15 in Reducing GHG Emissions

Mueller, S., University of Illinois at Chicago

March 2015

Effects of High Octane Ethanol Blends on Four Legacy Flex-Fuel Vehicles, and a Turbocharged GDI Vehicle

Thomas, J., West, B., and Huff, S., U.S. DOE-Oak Ridge National Laboratory

March 2015