Lifecycle Energy & GHG Impacts

Guidelines to Determine Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Clean Transportation Fuel Production Pathways Using 45ZCF-GREET

U.S. Department of Energy

May 2025

Impact of 45Z on the Corn Supply Chain

Polaris Analytics and Consulting

July 2024

The Role of Biofuels and Biomass Feedstocks for Decarbonizing the U.S. Economy by 2050

Hawkins, T.R. et al., DOE-NREL, -ANL, -PNNL, -INL and -ORNL

April 2024

Merging Strategy, Technology, and Tax Incentives in Ethanol Production

EcoEngineers

March 2024

Farm-Level Carbon Intensity Improvements and the Inflation Reduction Act

EcoEngineers

March 2024

Importance of Policy Incentives in Economic Frameworks for CCS Projects

Littlefield, A., Chiang, S. & Matson, M., Colorado School of Mines

January 2024

The Carbon Intensity of Ethanol in California

O'Hara, J.

December 2023

Carbon Capture and Storage in the United States

Congressional Budget Office

December 2023

Comparison of Full Lifecycle GHG Emissions: Ford Escape FFV-PHEV Using Ethanol Blends vs. Battery Electric Vehicle

University of Illinois Chicago & Life Cycle Associates LLC

September 2023

Analyzing Future Low Carbon Fuel Targets in California: Accelerated Decarbonization in California's Transportation Fuels Sector

ICF Resources LLC

September 2023

Decarbonizing Combustion Vehicles: A Portfolio Approach to GHG Reductions

Stillwater Associates LLC

July 2023

Expanding the ethanol blend wall in California: Emissions comparison between E10 and E15

Tang, T. et al., University of California, Riverside (Publication available for purchase)

June 2023

A global meta-analysis of cover crop response on soil carbon storage within a corn production system

Joshi, D.R. et al.

May 2023

Report Summarizing Criteria Pollutant Emissions Testing of 2022 Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid Electric Flex Fuel Vehicle (PHEFFV)

University of California, Riverside CE-CERT

April 2023

Cost and Life Cycle Emissions of Ethanol Produced with an Oxyfuel Boiler and Carbon Capture and Storage

Dees, J. et al.

March 2023

GHG Emissions Reductions due to the RFS2 - A 2022 Update

Unnasch, S., Parida, D., & Healy, B., Life Cycle Associates

February 2023

Review of Recent PNAS Publication on GHG Impacts of Corn Ethanol [(Lark et al.)]

USDA Office of the Chief Economist, Office of Energy and Environmental Policy

December 2022

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage in Illinois

Greenberg, S. et al., University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

December 2022

Decarbonization: Status, Challenges, and Policy Options for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage

U.S. Government Accountability Office

September 2022

Agricultural Sciences and the Environment: Reviewing Recent Technologies and Innovations to Combat the Challenges of Climate Change, Environmental Protection, and Food Security

Popescu, G. C. et al. (Publication available for purchase)

July 2022

Carbon Science for Carbon Markets: Emerging Opportunities in Iowa

Schulte Moore, L, & Jordahl, J., Iowa State University

June 2022

Assessment of Biofuels Policy: Effectiveness of Emissions Reductions

Fuels Institute

June 2022

Decarbonization potential of on-road fuels and powertrains in the European Union and the United States: a well-to-wheels assessment

Cai, H.

June 2022

Emissions Impacts of the Elimination of the 1-psi RVP Waiver for E10 in Eight States

Yanowitz, J., Ecoengineering Inc.

April 2022

Final Rebuttal to PNAS Report: “Environmental outcomes of the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard” (Lark et al.)

Renewable Fuels Association

April 2022

Preliminary Rebuttal to PNAS Report: “Environmental outcomes of the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard” (Lark et al.)

Renewable Fuels Association

February 2022

Pathways to Net-Zero Ethanol

Informed Sustainability Consulting LLC

February 2022

Review of GHG Emissions of Corn Ethanol under the EPA RFS2

Unnasch, S., Life Cycle Associates

February 2022

Surveying the BECCS Landscape

Energy Futures Initiative

January 2022

The California LCFS and Ethanol: A Decade of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Renewable Fuels Association

May 2021

Retrospective Analysis of the U.S. Corn Ethanol Industry for 2005-2019: Implications for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions

Lee, U. et al.

May 2021

GHG Emissions Reductions Due to the RFS2 – A 2020 Update

Life Cycle Associates

February 2021

Carbon intensity of corn ethanol in the United States: state of the science

Scully, M.J., Norris, G.A., Alarcon Falconi, T.M., & MacIntosh, D.L.

January 2021

GHG Benefits of 15% Ethanol (E15) Use in the United States

Air Improvement Resource Inc.

November 2020

A global meta‐analysis of soil organic carbon response to corn stover removal

Hui Xu, Heidi Sieverding, Hoyoung Kwon, David Clay, Catherine Stewart, Jane M. F. Johnson, Zhangcai Qin, Douglas L. Karlen & Michael Wang

May 2019

The Greenhouse Gas Benefits of Corn Ethanol – assessing recent evidence

Jan Lewandrowski, Jeffrey Rosenfeld, Diana Pape, Tommy Hendrickson, Kirsten Jaglo & Katrin Moffroid

March 2019

GHG Emissions Reductions Due to the RFS: A 2018 Update

Life Cycle Associates

February 2019

A Life-Cycle Analysis of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Corn-Based Ethanol

ICF

September 2018

Infrastructure to enable deployment of carbon capture, utilization, and storage in the United States

Edwards, R.W.J. & Celia, M.A., Princeton University

August 2018

Near-term deployment of carbon capture and sequestration from biorefineries in the United States

Sanchez, D.L. et al.

March 2018

A Life-Cycle Analysis of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Corn-Based Ethanol

ICF

January 2017

Review of John DeCicco et al. Article titled “Carbon balance effects of U.S. biofuel production and use”

Steffen Mueller, PhD; University of Illinois at Chicago Energy Resources Center

September 2016

Re-Examining Corn Ethanol’s Energy Balance Ratio

Renewable Fuels Association

March 2016

2015 Energy Balance for the Corn-Ethanol Industry

U.S. Department of Agriculture-Office of the Chief Economist

February 2016

GHG Emission Reductions from World Biofuel Production and Use – 2015

(S&T)2 Consultants Inc.

November 2015

GHG Emissions Reductions Due to the RFS2

Boland, S., and S. Unnasch, Life Cycle Associates, LLC

November 2015

Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis of High-Octane Fuels with Various Market Shares and Ethanol Blending Levels

Han, J., Elgowainy, A., and Wang, M., U.S. DOE-Argonne National Laboratory

July 2015

Ethanol and the Environment